All authors’ names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first, followed by a comma):
A Guide to Referencing
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated. Similar to university essays and thesis, or scientific articles, IFATCA working papers shall be properly referenced. Any direct citation and paraphrasing shall be properly reflected in the body of the paper, as well as in the bibliography at the end of the paper. Several conventions exist when it comes to referencing (Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, MLA, etc.), but the most commonly used is the American Psychological Association (APA). According to the 7th Edition of the APA Publication Manual, research papers should include references as shown in the sections below.
WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
The reference list should appear at the end of the paper. It should provide the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the paper. Each source in the paper must appear in the reference list. Likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text. References should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay. This page should be labelled “References” or “Bibliography”.
BIBLIOGRAPHY – REFERENCING THE AUTHOR
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation:
EXAMPLE
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertainty
→→→and Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112.
→→→https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
EXAMPLE
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertaintyand Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
Authors’ first and middle names should be written as initials, followed by a period. For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with “Smith, J. M.“. If a middle name isn’t available, just initialize the author’s first name: “Smith, J.“:
EXAMPLE
Mendoza, M. A., M. Rodriguez Alfonso & S. Lhuillery. (2021). A Battle of Drones: Utilizing LegitimacyStrategies for the Transfer and Diffusion of Dual-Use Technologies. Technological Forecasting &
Social Change, 166, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120539
The first author’s name should be presented with the last name first, followed by the initial of the first name (e.g., Mendoza, M. A.), but the following authors should be presented starting with the initial of the first name, followed by the author’s last name:
EXAMPLE
Mendoza, M. A., M. Rodriguez Alfonso & S. Lhuillery. (2021). A Battle of Drones: Utilizing LegitimacyStrategies for the Transfer and Diffusion of Dual-Use Technologies. Technological Forecasting &
Social Change, 166, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120539
Last names and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work should be included up to and including six authors. Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name:
EXAMPLE
Mendoza, M. A., M. Rodriguez Alfonso & S. Lhuillery. (2021). A Battle of Drones: Utilizing LegitimacyStrategies for the Transfer and Diffusion of Dual-Use Technologies. Technological Forecasting &
Social Change, 166, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120539
In the unlikely event where there are seven or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 5th author, and then add the final author’s name:
EXAMPLE
Porter, G., E. Murphy, F. Adamu, P. B. Dayil, A. De Lannoy … K. Van der Weidje. (2021). Women’s Mobilityand Transport in the Peripheries of Three African Cities: Reflecting on Early Impacts of COVID-19.
Transport Policy, 110, 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.025
BIBLIOGRAPHY – REFERENCING THE DOCUMENT
Following the authors block, the year should be indicated between parenthesis, followed by a period:
EXAMPLE
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertaintyand Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
If the year of publication is unknown, the expression “n.d.”, for no date, should be used:
EXAMPLE
Loukinas, P. (n.d.). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertaintyand Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
The remainder of the reference normally contains the title of the article or book, followed by the name of the journal (if applicable), volume, number, pages, etc. This portion of the reference varies depending on the type of document cited. The next section presents the most common documents cited in IFATCA working papers.
Note: some elements of the references are italicized. This has been done on purpose: when referencing, the italics should be kept for the relevant portions of the reference (e.g., the title of the journal and the volume, in the first example below):
Online journal article
Author. (year). Title of the article. Title of the journal, volume(number), pages. DOI… OR Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (DOI):
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertainty and Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
EXAMPLE (URL):
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertainty and Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112. Retrieved from https://www.abcdef.com/123
Journal article
Author. (year). Title of the article. Title of the journal, volume(number), pages.
EXAMPLE:
Loukinas, P. (2022). Drones for Border Surveillance: Multipurpose Use, Uncertainty and Challenges at EU Borders. Geopolitics, 27(1), 89–112.
BOOK
Author. (year). Title of the book (Edition number). Location of editor: Editor.
EXAMPLE:
Creswell, J. W. & J. D. Creswell. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Book chapter
Author of the chapter. (year). Title of the chapter. In Directors of the book [Dir.], Title of the book (Edition, volume, pages). Location of editor: Editor.
EXAMPLE:
Connolly, D. (2018). New Rules for New Tools. In Creswell, J. W. [Dir.], Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed., Vol. 3, 122–128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
ONLINE BOOK
Author. (year). Title of the book (Edition number). DOI… OR Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (DOI):
Creswell, J. W. & J. D. Creswell. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
EXAMPLE (URL):
ICAO. (2018). Annex 2 – Rules of the Air (10th Ed., Amendment 46). Retrieved from https://portal.icao.int/icao-net/Annexes/an02_cons.pdf
Online Book Chapter
Author of the chapter. (year). Title of the chapter. In Directors of the book [Dir.], Title of the book (Edition, volume, pages). DOI… OR Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (DOI):
Connolly, D. (2018). New Rules for New Tools. In Creswell, J. W. [Dir.], Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed., Vol. 3, 122–128). https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
EXAMPLE (URL):
ICAO. (2018). Applicability of the rules of the air. In ICAO [Dir.], Annex 2 – Rules of the Air (10th Ed., Amendment 46, 2-1). Retrieved from https://portal.icao.int/icao-net/Annexes/an02_cons.pdf
Conference
Author. (year, month). Title of the presentation. Name of the conference, location. DOI… OR Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (DOI):
Matovic, I. M. (2020, September). PESTEL Analysis of External Environment as a Success Factor of Startup Business. ConScienS Conference on Science and Society, Princeton, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1929182
EXAMPLE (URL):
Matovic, I. M. (2020, September). PESTEL Analysis of External Environment as a Success Factor of Startup Business. ConScienS Conference on Science and Society, Princeton, NJ. Retrieved from https://www.abcdef.com/123
Webpage
Author. (year). Title of the document [PDF or HTML]. Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (HTML):
IFATCA. (2023). ATMOPSP – Air Traffic Management Operations Panel [HTML]. Retrieved from https://ifatca.org/about-ifatca/icao-activities/icao-activities-2/atmopsp/
EXAMPLE (PDF):
IATA, IFATCA & IFALPA. (2022). Promotion of Industry Initiatives that Support ICAO’s Aspirational Goal of Gender Equality by 2030 [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a41/Documents/WP/wp_067_en.pdf
Thesis
Author. (year). Title of the thesis or essay (Master thesis or Doctorate thesis, university, city, country). Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE:
Lepage, J. F. (2022). Drones in humanitarian and international development context – challenges and obstacles for implementation by stakeholders. (Master thesis, Université Laval, Québec, Canada). Retrieved from https://www.abcdef.com/123
Online Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Author of the chapter. (year). Title of the chapter. In [Director, Title of the book (Edition, volume, pages). DOI… OR Retrieved from URL
EXAMPLE (WIKIFATCA, POLICY):
IFATCA. (2023). Conditional Clearances to Rescue and Firefighting Vehicles. In IFATCA, Wikifatca (ADME 2.15). Retrieved from https://ifatca.wiki/kb/adme-2-15-conditional-clearances-to-rescue-and-firefighting-vehicles/
EXAMPLE (WIKIFATCA, WP):
Technical and Operational Committee (TOC). (2015). Concept of GNSS-Based Altitude. In IFATCA, Wikifatca (54th Conference, WP 87, 1-45). Retrieved from https://ifatca.wiki/kb/wp-2015-87/
Report
[Author, if mentioned], &/or organization. (year). Title (Publication No. xxx [if mentioned]). [Title of the report series, if mentioned], Retrieved from [name of agency, if not the author]: URL
EXAMPLE:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2014). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Humanitarian Response (OCHA Policy 2545.24A) Studies Series No. 10, retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/fr/publication/policy-studies/uav-humanitarian-response
HOW TO PRESENT THE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
EXAMPLE
Ackerman, E. (2017). Drones Make a Special Delivery – Mosquitoes. IEEE Spectrum, 54(12), 9–11.https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2017.8118469
Bassi, E. (2019). Urban Unmanned Aerial Systems Operations: on Privacy, Data Protection, andSurveillance. Law in Context, 36(2), 61–72.
Clarke, R. et L. Bennett Moses. (2014). The Regulation of Civilian Drones’ Impacts on Public Safety.Computer Law & Security Review: The International Journal of Technology Law and Practice,
30(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.03.007
For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
EXAMPLE
Wang, N. (2020). “We Live on Hope…”: Ethical Considerations of Humanitarian Use of Drones in Post-Disaster Nepal. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 39(3), 76–85.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2020.3012332
Review. Science and Engineering Ethics, 27(4), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00327-4
Assessment Framework. International Review of the Red Cross, 104(919), 1397–1428.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383121000989
If more than one source has the same author and the same date (year), they should be listed in the order they appear in the text, using alphabetized letter after the year (2019a, 2019b, 2019c, etc.).
EXAMPLE
Wang, N. (2019a). “We Live on Hope…”: Ethical Considerations of Humanitarian Use of Drones in Post-Disaster Nepal. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 39(3), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2020.3012332
Wang, N. (2019b). Ethical Considerations Associated With “Humanitarian Drones”: A Scoping LiteratureReview. Science and Engineering Ethics, 27(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00327-4
Wang, N. (2019c). Supporting Value Sensitivity in the Humanitarian Use of Drones Through an EthicsAssessment Framework. International Review of the Red Cross, 104(919), 1397–1428. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383121000989
PARAPHRASING AND CITING: IN-TEXT REFERENCING
When writing a working paper, it is essential that all citations (both direct – a verbatim citation, and indirect – when paraphrasing the text) are properly included in the text body. This part is fairly simple: simply add, between parenthesis, the last name of the author followed by a comma, a space and the year of publication. The period always goes after the citation.
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (Lepage, 2021).A few special cases exist. When there is more than one document cited or referred to (in other words, two sources or more for the same portion of text), references should be put in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon:
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (Lepage, 2021; Steinberg, 2019; van der Sanden, 2018).If the document cited has two authors, then they should both be mentioned.
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (Lepage & Steinberg, 2019).However, when there are three or more, only the first should be mentioned, and the expression “et al.”, which is a Latin expression that could be translated to “and collaborators”, should be added after the first author:
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (Lepage et al., 2019).
If the document cited has been written by an organization, the same rules apply:
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (Red Cross, 2019).
If this organization is typically referred to using an acronym (e.g. ICAO), the name should be spelled out during the first citation, followed by the acronym between square parenthesis.
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO], 2019).
Subsequent references can display only the acronym:
EXAMPLE
The importance of referencing should not be underestimated (ICAO, 2019).
If the author is mentioned in the sentence already, it is not necessary to re-indicate it again in the in-text citation:
EXAMPLE
As mentioned by Lepage (2021), the importance of referencing should not be underestimated.If the citation is quoted textually, using the exact terms (verbatim), it should be between quotation marks:
EXAMPLE
It is essential that references are properly indicated, to avoid any copyright infringements. For Lepage, “the importance of referencing should not be underestimated” (2021).For verbatim citations that exceed 45 words, they should be presented in a standalone paragraph, with the text one size (point) smaller than the rest of the document, and indents of 2 cm (1 in) either side of the paragraph. In this specific case, it is not required to add quotation marks:
EXAMPLE
On the contrary, ICAO believes it is a national responsibility. According to many participants, ICAO has been invited to act a number of times, before it is too late to do so:ICAO hasn’t accepted the fact that they could be responsible for writing provisions for small UAS operations, it is outside their scope, this will change, there has been 40 papers at the Assembly [of ICAO in 2022]. Can ICAO afford it? Just on affordability, what is ICAO budget? 80M $USD a year maybe? […] 80 million a year, ICAO will not come up with anything, to be honest (Guerin, 2022).
When citing an author verbatim, it is sometimes preferable to skip one or more portion(s) of the text, when they are irrelevant. It can be done using square parenthesis with an ellipsis in the middle […], which indicates that a portion of the citation was skipped:
EXAMPLE
“Government machinery can turn slowly. You may suddenly end up six months, eight months, a year, two years, to get a permit. […] It is extremely difficult to align the three pillars of drone operations: the use case, the funding, and the permits” (Guerin, 2022).Finally, it is sometimes necessary to add a note or a precision (which is not part of the original citation) to assist the reader in understanding the citation. It can be done using square parenthesis with the comment, which is not part of the citation, inserted in the middle [abc], which indicates that this portion of the citation is NOT from the author:
EXAMPLE
“The drone companies are not necessarily getting the approvals yet to be doing these operations. They are BVLOS [beyond visual line of sight], they are not complying with any flight rules. So, we are just approving these aircraft to go out and be hazards to the whole world, including the aviation world” (Guerin, 2022).USING AUTOMATED TOOLS
There are a number of tools available online to assist in the creation of a bibliography. Built-in tools are also available in most popular office suites (Microsoft Word, Grammarly, etc.). While these tools can be of great help, it is incumbent to the writer to verify the accuracy of the bibliography generated by such software, as these automated algorithms can sometimes create inaccurate or incomplete references.
MORE INFORMATION: USEFUL LINKS
American Psychological Association (APA). (2020). Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters [PDF]. Retrieved
from https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf
American Psychological Association (APA). (2023). APA Style Blog [HTML]. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/blog
Mendeley. (2022). APA Format Citation Guide [HTML]. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide/
Mount Royal University. (2019). APA for Academic Writing [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.mtroyal.ca/library/files/citation/apa.pdf
Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. (n.d.). APA Format: A Quick Guide [PDF]. Retrieved from
https://www.nwtc.edu/NWTC/media/student-experience/Library/APA-Citation-Handout.pdf
Purdue University. (n.d.). In-Text Citations: The Basics [HTML]. Retrieved from
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
University of Victoria. (2015). APA Style Guide [PDF]. Retrieved from
https://carleton.ca/profbrouard/wp-content/uploads/APAStyleGuideUVIC201409248pages.pdf
Western Sydney University (2022). American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide [PDF]. Retrieved from
https://library.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1943487/cite_APA.pdf